What restricts the development of the new energy automobile industry? The key to the technical bottleneck is the battery!

　　From the perspective of market promotion, the "Battery Replacement Station" can well relieve the trouble of battery life and charging time, and can perform professional maintenance on the battery. But there are three major issues that lie ahead.

　　What this industry lacks the most is not money, but an operating team with mature technology and commercially available traders.

　　At present, the industry’s concerns about the development of the new energy vehicle industry are mainly focused on the relatively mature and commercialized use of lithium batteries, in addition to the market-oriented mass production contradictions caused by the promotion and application of fuel vehicles’ own technology and huge initial cost investment. Electric vehicle sector. What is restricting the development of the new energy automobile industry? The author believes that the answer can be classified into three aspects: technology, resources, and policy.

　　The key to the technical bottleneck lies in the battery

　　Whether in China or the world, shell manufacturing and vehicle assembly have very mature technical support and manufacturing systems, so there is no need to worry too much. For new energy vehicles, although it is relatively easy to develop consumption habits, if the charging time is too long and the cruising range is too short, then compared with the traditional fuel vehicles, the refueling is fast and the stations are dense. It will lose its status as a new favorite in the market.

　　From the perspective of market promotion, the "Battery Replacement Station" can well relieve the trouble of battery life and charging time, and can perform professional maintenance on the battery. But three problems lie ahead:

　　One is that the construction cost of the site itself is very huge, and the battery needs professional maintenance. What kind of capital party can the battery manufacturer cooperate with to achieve this?

　　The second is that when consumers buy a car, they pay a deposit for the battery module in the vehicle. This part of the investment may take 3 to 10 years to return. What kind of company can bear such a risk?

　　Third, the current battery standards have not yet been unified. Like the earliest mobile phones, they cannot achieve standard modules and unified interfaces. What kind of company can have such forward-looking and R&D capabilities to formulate and lead standards?

　　Therefore, the most realistic solution at the moment is still to fast charge and increase battery life.

　　In the electric vehicle manufacturing chain, the "three-electric system" (battery, motor, and electronic control) is very important, and the battery is the foundation and decisive element. For lithium-ion batteries, which are currently the most commercially produced in mass production, if you want to achieve fast charging, you need to make higher technical improvements to the original materials, especially the cathode materials, such as high nickel; if you want to achieve a substantial increase in battery life, An increase in energy density is required. It is worth noting that lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide has gradually become the mainstream in the past two years, and the energy density of lithium iron phosphate has broken through in the past two years. These are laying the foundation for the development of large-capacity and long-lasting battery technology.

　　At the same time, the negative impact of safety performance cannot be underestimated. For example, after the explosion of Samsung's mobile phone, major airports adopted more stringent regulations on the carrying and use of lithium-ion batteries. The core problem is that the capacity density and safety performance of the battery itself are difficult to achieve the most effective combination, and there is no essential breakthrough at present. Even graphene, which was once so hot, is difficult to achieve large-scale commercial production within three to five years.

　　The core of resource trouble lies in lithium cobalt

　　In the past three years, the price of basic lithium salt has risen staggeringly. From the end of 2014 to 2017, it climbed from less than 40,000 yuan/ton to 180,000 yuan/ton, and dropped to about 150,000 yuan/ton at the end of the year. The price of battery-grade lithium carbonate increased by about 4 to 5 times.

　　At the same time, the situation with cobalt looks a bit crazy. Statistics show that in the past 10 years, cobalt has experienced a 400% increase from 2006 to 2008, and it has also experienced a nearly 50% increase from 2009 to the first half of 2010 under quantitative easing. Based on the strong demand for ternary materials for new energy vehicles, at the end of August 2017, the United Kingdom's "Metal Herald" (abbreviated as MB) published a cobalt price of 29 US dollars per pound, but there is still more than 65% of the space from the historical high. Based on the fact that cobalt ore generally exists in the form of copper-cobalt or nickel-cobalt, the price relationship between cobalt and nickel-copper cannot be ignored.

　　Is the price spike caused by lack of resources? the answer is negative.

　　From the analysis of lithium resources, the world’s current proven lithium reserves are 14Mt, and the current annual demand is 32.5kt. Lithium resources are mainly distributed in the range of 30-40 degrees north latitude and 20-30 degrees south latitude in the world, such as the Andes Plateau in South America, the western United States and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. Australia and Chile together control 75% of the world's lithium resources.

　　In China, 90% of lithium resources are distributed in the west. The current mining is mainly ore lithium (spodumene and lepidolite) and the average grade is relatively low (0.8%-1.4%, lower than foreign countries 1.465% -3. 55%), the brine contains high magnesium (Mg/Li ratio is generally greater than 40, Chile Atacama Salt Lake is only 6.47), so it is difficult to use on an industrial scale.

　　From the analysis of cobalt resources, the world's cobalt resources are rich and concentrated. According to the 2016 Mineral Commodity Summaries of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the world’s proven cobalt reserves of 7.1 million tons in 2015 were mainly concentrated in the Congo (DRC), Australia, Cuba, New Caledonia, Zambia and Russia accounts for about 80% of the world's total cobalt reserves.

　　In terms of production capacity, Congo (DRC) cobalt resources are producing 10 mines, but five of the holding companies are Swiss Glencore, accounting for approximately 67% of the Congo (DRC) cobalt resources in production mines. The United States Freeport Company, Kazakhstan Eurasian Natural Resources Company, UAE Shalina Resources Company, China Minmetals Corporation and Jinchuan Group each hold one. Cobalt production capacity in other parts of the world is not enough to shake Congo's dominance.

　　With the improvement of industrial scale utilization and breakthroughs in extraction technology, based on the principle of non-disappearance of metal elements such as lithium and cobalt, the lithium battery recycling industry has quietly emerged, recycling has become a reality, and the demand for natural resources will be reduced accordingly. In the short term The skyrocketing situation is like the history of iron ore. It is more the result of international capital control speculation and cannot fully reflect the real situation of industrial development.

　　The key to policy concerns is subsidies

　　A basic understanding needs to be clarified: the essence of state subsidies for new energy vehicles is to support an industry, create first-mover advantages, and rapidly open up markets, rather than subsidies similar to traditional agricultural sectors. The purpose is to maintain basic market stability. Therefore, in the near future, the subsidy policy will definitely be cancelled.

　　The current policy subsidy orientation generally focuses on two aspects: first, at the technical level, encouraging technological innovation, keeping up with the international tops, and awarding industry leadership; second, at the market level, breaking through the bottleneck of environmental protection, advocating green travel, and leveraging large and medium-sized enterprises. Cities, highlighting the role of major powers, relying on the "Belt and Road" to seize overseas markets.