Distribution status of electrochemical energy storage technology in my country

　　From the definition, we know that energy storage in a broad sense refers to the storage of all energy, including heat storage and electricity storage. Energy storage in the narrow sense refers only to the storage of electrical energy, and the "energy storage" discussed in this article takes its narrow sense.

　　What is energy storage?

　　Broadly speaking, energy storage is energy storage, which refers to a cyclic process in which one form of energy is stored in the same form or converted into another form of energy through a medium or device, and needs to be released in a specific form of energy.

　　In a narrow sense, energy storage refers to the storage of electrical energy, which refers to a series of technologies and measures that use chemical or physical methods to store the generated energy and release it when needed.

　　From the definition, we know that energy storage in a broad sense refers to the storage of all energy, including heat storage and electricity storage. Energy storage in the narrow sense refers only to the storage of electrical energy, and the "energy storage" discussed in this article takes its narrow sense.

　　Energy storage technology classification

　　Energy storage is divided into physical energy storage and chemical energy storage. The technical characteristics of the two are as follows:

　　Physical energy storage: pumped water storage, compressed air energy storage, flywheel energy storage, etc.

　　Features: Water, air, etc. are used as energy storage media, and the energy storage media does not undergo chemical changes.

　　Electrochemical energy storage: lead storage battery, lithium ion battery, flow battery, nickel hydrogen battery, etc.

　　Features: Use chemical elements as energy storage media, and the charge and discharge process is accompanied by chemical reactions or changes in the energy storage media.

　　The difference between physical energy storage and chemical energy storage is whether the storage medium undergoes chemical changes. Statistics from industry organizations show that from 2000 to 2016, water storage and energy storage accounted for the largest proportion of various energy storage methods in the cumulative installed capacity of my country's energy storage market, but the growth was slow. However, electrochemical energy storage represented by lithium-ion batteries has grown rapidly and its proportion has been increasing. The electrochemical energy storage market has great growth potential.

　　Electrochemical Energy Storage Market Technology Distribution

　　According to statistics from the “Energy Storage Industry Research White Paper 2017” released by the Zhongguancun Energy Storage Industry Technology Alliance, in 2016, almost all of my country’s new electrochemical energy storage projects were put into operation using lithium-ion batteries and lead storage batteries. The proportion of installed capacity is 62% and 37% respectively.

　　In 2016, in terms of the year-on-year growth rate of new installed capacity in my country, lithium-ion batteries occupied the first place with a growth rate of 256%; in addition, lithium-ion batteries accounted for the largest proportion of new installed capacity in the field of renewable energy grid-connected. As high as 70%; lead-acid batteries account for the largest proportion of newly installed capacity in the field of distributed power generation and microgrid, reaching 69%.

　　Judging from the geographical distribution of each technology, lithium-ion batteries are distributed in all regions, with the largest proportions in Northeast, Central China, South China, Northwest and Southwest; lead batteries account for the largest proportion in North and East China; flow batteries are mainly distributed In the Northeast.

　　However, from a global perspective, in 2016, new electrochemical energy storage projects put into operation mainly adopted energy storage technologies such as lithium-ion batteries, sodium-sulfur batteries, and lead storage batteries. The newly installed capacity of the three technologies accounted for all the newly added Over 99% of the installed capacity of the project. In terms of growth rate, the growth rate of newly added sodium-sulfur batteries was the fastest year-on-year, with a year-on-year growth rate of 2400%; followed by lead batteries, with a year-on-year growth rate of 563%.

　　It can be seen that in both the global energy storage market and the Chinese energy storage market, the newly installed capacity of lithium-ion batteries ranks first, which reflects the current dominant position of lithium-ion batteries in energy storage technology. Sodium-sulfur batteries have many applications abroad, but less domestically; the cumulative installed capacity of lead batteries in the domestic energy storage market is already behind lithium-ion batteries, which also reflects the general trend of lithium-ion batteries replacing lead batteries in the field of energy storage.

　　Enterprise distribution of electrochemical energy storage technology

　　1. Lithium ion battery

　　Lithium-ion battery has good energy storage performance, long service life and high cycle times. Under normal circumstances, lithium batteries can be cycled about 3000 times, and lithium titanate batteries can be as high as about 25000 times. Lithium-ion batteries have low self-discharge loss and high energy conversion efficiency. Compared with other batteries, various performances have been greatly improved. From the above, we know that the newly installed capacity of lithium-ion batteries ranks first globally and domestically, and many domestic enterprises have deployed lithium-ion battery energy storage technology.

　　Shanghai Zhongxing Paineng Energy Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as ZTE Paineng) focuses on the R&D and production of lithium iron phosphate energy storage systems. The company’s lithium iron phosphate battery systems have flexible configuration and high reliability, and are used in communications Application scenarios such as energy storage systems, data rooms, home photovoltaic energy storage systems, robotic systems, and high-voltage DC energy storage systems.

　　The German Relzow100MW/200MWh lithium battery energy storage power station built by Shenzhen Advanced Clean Power Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd. under Mengshi Technology is mainly used in the German primary frequency modulation market. The power station all adopts Mengshi Technology's modular energy storage integration technology and lithium battery products, which have the characteristics of rapid response and long service life. At the same time, the project is also the first case of a Chinese-funded enterprise investing in the construction of energy storage projects overseas and participating in power operations.

　　Zhongtian Energy Storage Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Zhongtian Energy Storage") is committed to the layout of lithium battery energy storage projects. In 2016, Zhongtian Energy Storage's lithium battery production capacity reached 2GWh, and the electric energy storage system achieved overseas sales. Since 2017, the company has undertaken 3 megawatt-level energy storage projects, and has the ability to contract for power storage projects.

　　Energy storage is one of the main application areas of lithium titanate batteries. As of January 2017, Shenzhen Baoqing Battery Energy Storage Station, which uses Yinlong New Energy's lithium titanate technology, has been operating safely and stably for six years. The energy storage station is the first megawatt-level lithium battery energy storage station put into operation in my country, and it is also a demonstration project of the national 863 project and a key technology project of China Southern Power Grid Corporation-"Key Technology Research and Pilot of 10MW Battery Energy Storage Station", six years The successful operation of the company signifies that Chinese enterprises have studied, mastered and successfully applied the key technologies of megawatt-level battery energy storage.

　　In addition, Zhejiang Nandu Power Supply Power Co., Ltd. and other companies have also laid out lithium iron phosphate energy storage technology routes.

　　2. Lead storage battery

　　Lead battery technology is mature, battery materials are widely sourced, and the cost is low. Its shortcomings are fewer cycles, short service life, and improper handling in production and recycling links, which can easily cause environmental pollution. The researchers added activated carbon to the negative electrode of the lead battery to form a lead-carbon battery. Compared with ordinary lead batteries, lead-carbon batteries can be fully charged in 90 minutes, which reduces the sulfation of the negative electrode, prolongs the battery life, and improves the power density. Lead-carbon battery is an advanced lead-acid battery, and it is also the mainstream direction of lead-acid battery technology development.

　　The technical route of Nandu Power Supply's energy storage is mainly lead-acid batteries. It is understood that the lead-carbon battery technology commercial energy storage power station project actively promoted by Narada Power has significant economic advantages. According to estimates, under the peak-to-valley price difference of 0.9 yuan/kWh, the company's total annual operating profit per 1MWh energy storage power station is about 100,000 yuan, and the internal rate of return is as high as 11% through the peak-shaving and valley-filling mode.

　　After years of precipitation, Shengyang Power has formed mature lead-carbon battery technology. The FCP lead-carbon battery produced by it has introduced advanced lead-carbon technology and product design and manufacturing experience from Japan’s Furukawa Battery Co., which has achieved 70% DOD deep cycle times. 4200 times, with a design life of 15 years, applied to new energy access, distributed power generation, smart grids, etc.

　　Shuangdeng Group is a provider of energy storage micro-grid solutions. It has formed a variety of energy storage application solutions such as wind-solar storage micro-grid, peak-shaving and valley-filling energy storage power station, wind-solar diesel-electric hybrid base station power supply system, and frontier and coastal defense power supply system. Solutions, with serialized, standardized and modularized energy storage system products. In the State Grid Zhangbei Wind and Solar Storage and Transmission Demonstration Power Station, it is equipped with 12MWh lead battery energy storage; in the China Guangdong Nuclear Power Qilian microgrid energy storage system, the 28MWh tubular colloidal lead acid battery system is used as the main power source, and the lithium battery is used to realize the stable operation of the microgrid And energy optimization management.

　　In addition, lead storage battery manufacturers include batteries, Shanghai C&D, etc. The battery products of these companies are widely used in the field of energy storage.

　　3. Sodium-sulfur battery

　　Sodium-sulfur batteries are batteries with sodium (Na) in the negative electrode, sulfur (S) in the positive electrode, and fine ceramics for the electrolyte. The core barrier lies in fine ceramic technology. The energy density of the sodium-sulfur battery is as high as 760Wh/kg, the conversion efficiency is close to 100%, and the number of battery cycles is as high as 2500 times. However, the disadvantage is that the cost is high, reaching about 2,000 US dollars/kWh; the working environment is demanding, and it can be started at 300°C. If a short-circuit failure occurs, the temperature will be as high as about 2000°C. Therefore, there are extremely high requirements for technology. Sodium-sulfur energy storage There are many applications of batteries abroad, but they have not been widely promoted in China.

　　In May 2015, the sodium-sulfur battery produced by Zhoushan Qintang New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. was unveiled in Shenzhen. The company has obtained a number of utility model inventions in the field of sodium-sulfur energy storage batteries, including a single-tube sodium-sulfur battery with sulfur embedded in a solid electrolyte tube. Devices, multi-tube sodium-sulfur battery devices in which sulfur is placed in solid electrolyte tubes, etc.

　　On January 18, 2017, Chaowei Group and General Electric Company of the United States held a sodium salt battery project signing ceremony in Changxing, Zhejiang. Combining the industrial and technological advantages of both parties, they jointly established a joint venture company to expand the application field of sodium salt batteries and take a step forward. A key step in the energy market. The two parties will focus on the production, research and development and sales of sodium salt batteries to build a professional company with global competitiveness.

　　In addition, Wuhu Haili Industrial Co., Ltd. has been researching sodium-sulfur batteries since the early 1980s, and applied for and obtained a national invention patent for high-power sodium-sulfur batteries in April 2007. State Grid said at the end of 2009 that it has developed sodium-sulfur batteries that can be used for large-scale energy storage.

　　4. Flow battery

　　The flow battery adopts a special structure in which positive and negative electrolytes circulate separately, which improves the efficiency of chemical reactions. The flow battery has an energy conversion efficiency of over 96%, an energy density of 92Wh/kg, a cycle number of about 13,000, and a service life of about 20 years. Due to the low maturity of the flow battery technology, the large size and the price advantage, it is not widely used in China.

　　Dalian Rongke Energy Storage Technology Development Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Dalian Rongke") is the only company in the world that has the technology development and production capacity of the entire industry chain of vanadium redox battery. In recent years, Dalian Rongke has achieved major breakthroughs in the core areas and key technologies of all-vanadium redox flow batteries, and has formed complete independent intellectual property rights in electrolytes, ion-conducting membranes, and double electrode plates. The company's energy storage solutions are mainly used in public service facilities, micro grids, new energy access, and user-side energy storage.

　　Dali Electric has been focusing on the research and development of all-vanadium redox flow battery energy storage systems for many years. At present, the company has applied for a number of patents in the field of vanadium batteries, and has successively carried out a number of vanadium battery energy storage system demonstration projects in India, Singapore and China.

　　Battery China.com believes that it seems difficult to determine which battery is the best energy storage technology at present, because different energy storage technologies are adapted to different application scenarios, and various technologies must be implemented in their most suitable application scenarios. Maximum value. According to different application scenarios, different companies have different energy storage technology layouts. When my country's energy storage market is slowly opening up, various energy storage technologies will find a market position that matches them in the full market competition.