1. Power loss

　　"Lack of power" is a phenomenon in which the coating on the battery support plate is damaged due to forced over-discharge when the battery power is low and the voltage is low. It should be noted that the working voltage of all on-board electrical appliances has a standard range. Electrical appliances exceeding this range can easily short-circuit or even burn you. Below this range, electrical appliances may not work normally, and may even affect their service life.

　　2. Overcharge

　　"Overcharge" is a phenomenon in which the chemical and physical properties of the battery are damaged due to overcharging of the battery. Current electric vehicle chargers have a safe charging voltage setting, usually the charging voltage is set within 1.2 times the battery standard voltage, for example, for a 48V battery, the charging voltage is set within 57.2V. In the process of discharging the battery, the voltage gradually drops, and the charger turns red when charging. The voltage will continue to rise until it is close to or equal to the charging voltage. The green light on the charger is on when charging. At this time, charging stops or trickle charging occurs.

　　3. Substrate vulcanization

　　What is battery vulcanization? White hard lead sulfate crystals are formed on the substrate, which is difficult to convert into lead sulfate as an active material during charging, which is the so-called vulcanization. The reason for the formation of lead sulfate is that lead sulfate particles will dissolve in the electrolyte and become saturated after over-discharge or long-term discharging. These lead sulfate will recrystallize at low temperatures, but will precipitate in the form of crystalline lead sulfate. In this way, once settled, the particles will continue to grow and develop due to temperature fluctuations, thereby increasing the grain size.